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| 1851 |
| | | French physicist Léon Foucault demonstrates the rotation of the earth by means of a long pendulum suspended in the Pantheon in Paris | |
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| 1851 |
| | | The president of France, Louis Napoleon, stages a coup d'état, rounding up his political opponents during a long December night | |
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| 1852 |
| | | France demands that Turkey should end Russia's exclusive control of the Christian Holy Places in the Ottoman empire | |
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| 1852 |
| | | Louis Napoleon, asking the French people to approve his elevation to emperor as Napoleon III, receives a resounding yes in the plebiscite | |
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| 1853 |
| | | France and Britain despatch their fleets to the Dardanelles, in readiness to go through the Straits to the Black Sea | |
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| 1853 |
| | | The hypodermic syringe with a plunger is simultaneously developed in France and in Scotland | |
|  | Alexander Wood's hypodermic syringe
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1854 |
| | | Britain and France enter the war between Turkey and Russia, on the Turkish side | |
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| 1856 |
| | | Gustave Flaubert publishes Madame Bovary, a novel of frustrated romanticism in a provincial French context | |
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| 1857 |
| | | French chemist Louis Pasteur proves the existence of micro-organisms by showing that a liquid will only ferment if exposed to contamination from the air | |
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| 1857 |
| | | Charles Baudelaire publishes his first and extremely influential collection of poems, Les Fleurs du Mal | |
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